List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. In 2008, the prize was awarded to Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, who shared the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million).[5] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[6]

Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in Intermediary Metabolism.[3] Gerhard Domagk (1939), a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money.[7] Ten women have won the prize: Gerty Cori (1947), Rosalyn Yalow (1977), Barbara McClintock (1983), Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986), Gertrude B. Elion (1988), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1995), Linda B. Buck (2004), Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (2008), Elizabeth H. Blackburn (2009) and Carol W. Greider (2009).[8] As of 2009, the prize has been awarded to 195 individuals. There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942).

Contents

Laureates

Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C]
1901 EmilVonBehring.jpg Emil Adolf von Behring Germany "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[9]
1902 Ronald Ross2.jpg Ronald Ross United Kingdom "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[10]
1903 Niels ryberg.jpg Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[11]
1904 Ivan Pavlov (Nobel).png Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Russia "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[12]
1905 RobertKoch cropped.jpg Robert Koch Germany "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[13]
1906 Camillo Golgi (Nobel 1906).png Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[14]
Cajal-mi.jpg Santiago Ramón y Cajal Spain
1907 AlphonseLaveran.jpg Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[15]
1908 Ilya Mechnikov (Nobel 1908).png Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Russia "in recognition of their work on immunity"[16]
Paul Ehrlich.png Paul Ehrlich Germany
1909 Emil Theodor Kocher.jpg Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[17]
1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[18]
1911 Allvar Gullstrand.jpg Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[19]
1912 Alexis Carrel 02.jpg Alexis Carrel France "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[20]
1913 Charles Robert Richet.gif Charles Richet France "[for] his work on anaphylaxis"[21]
1914 Robert Barany.jpg Robert Bárány Austria "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[22]
1915 Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919 Jules Bordet pi.png Jules Bordet Belgium "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[23]
1920 August Krogh Bain 32006.jpg Schack August Steenberg Krogh Denmark "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[24]
1921 Not awarded
1922 Archibald Vivian Hill.jpg Archibald Vivian Hill United Kingdom "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[25]
Otto Fritz Meyerhof Germany "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[25]
1923 Fredrick banting.jpg Frederick Grant Banting Canada "for the discovery of insulin"[26]
J.J.R. Macleod ca. 1928.png John James Richard Macleod Canada
1924 Willem Einthoven.jpg Willem Einthoven The Netherlands "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[27]
1925 Not awarded
1926 J Fibiger.jpg Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger Denmark "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[28]
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg Austria "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[29]
1928 Jules NICOLE.jpeg Charles Jules Henri Nicolle France "for his work on typhus"[30]
1929 Christiaan Eijkman.jpg Christiaan Eijkman The Netherlands "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[31]
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins United Kingdom "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[31]
1930 Karl Landsteiner Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups"[32]
1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg Germany "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[33]
1932 Charles Scott Sherrington1.jpg Sir Charles Scott Sherrington United Kingdom "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[34]
Edgar Douglas Adrian United Kingdom
1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg Thomas Hunt Morgan United States "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[35]
1934 George Hoyt Whipple United States "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[36]
George Richards Minot United States
William Parry Murphy United States
1935 Hans Spemann Germany "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[37]
1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale United Kingdom "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[38]
Otto Loewi 1955 Woods Hole MA.JPG Otto Loewi Austria
1937 GyorgyiNIH.jpg Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt Hungary "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[39]
1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans Belgium "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[40]
1939 Gerhard Domagk Germany "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[41]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943 Carl Peter Henrik Dam Denmark "for his discovery of vitamin K"[42]
Edward Adelbert Doisy United States "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[42]
1944 Joseph Erlanger United States "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[43]
Herbert Spencer Gasser United States
1945 Sir Alexander Fleming United Kingdom "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[44]
Ernst Boris Chain.jpg Ernst Boris Chain United Kingdom
Howard Florey.png Howard Walter Florey Australia
1946 Hermann Joseph Muller United States "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[45]
1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori.jpg Carl Ferdinand Cori United States "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[46]
Gerty Theresa Cori.jpg Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz United States
Bernado Houssay.JPG Bernardo Alberto Houssay Argentina "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[46]
1948 Paul Hermann Müller Switzerland "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[47]
1949 Walter Rudolf Hess Switzerland "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[48]
Moniz.jpg Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz Portugal "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[48]
1950 Philip Showalter Hench United States "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[49]
Edward Calvin Kendall United States
Tadeusz Reichstein Switzerland
1951 Max Theiler Union of South Africa "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[50]
1952 Selman Waksman NYWTS.jpg Selman Abraham Waksman United States "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[51]
1953 Hans Adolf Krebs United Kingdom "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[52]
Portrait of Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899-1986), Biochemist (2551001689).jpg Fritz Albert Lipmann United States "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[52]
1954 John Franklin Enders United States "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[53]
Frederick Chapman Robbins United States
Thomas Huckle Weller United States
1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell Sweden "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[54]
1956 André Frédéric Cournand United States "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[55]
Werner Forssmann Federal Republic of Germany
Dickinson W. Richards United States
1957 Daniel Bovet Italy "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[56]
1958 George Wells Beadle United States "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[57]
Edward Lawrie Tatum United States
Joshua Lederberg.jpg Joshua Lederberg United States "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[57]
1959 Arthur Kornberg.jpg Arthur Kornberg United States "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[58]
Severo Ochoa Spain
United States
1960 Burnet 2jpg.jpg Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Australia "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[59]
Peter Brian Medawar United Kingdom
1961 Georg von Békésy United States "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[60]
1962 Francis Crick.png Francis Harry Compton Crick United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[61]
JamesWatson.png James Dewey Watson United States
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins New Zealand
United Kingdom
1963 Sir John Carew Eccles Australia "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[62]
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin United Kingdom
Andrew huxley trinity.png Andrew Fielding Huxley United Kingdom
1964 Konrad Bloch United States "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[63]
Feodor Lynen Federal Republic of Germany
1965 François Jacob France "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[64]
André Lwoff France
Jacques Monod France
1966 Peyton Rous United States "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[65]
Charles Brenton Huggins United States "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[65]
1967 Ragnar Granit Finland/Sweden "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[66]
Haldan Keffer Hartline United States
George Wald United States
1968 Robert W. Holley United States "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[67]
Har Gobind Khorana India
MNirenberg.jpg Marshall W. Nirenberg United States
1969 Max Delbruck.jpg Max Delbrück United States "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[68]
Alfred D. Hershey United States
Salvador E. Luria United States
1970 Axelrod01.jpg Julius Axelrod United States "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[69]
Ulf von Euler Sweden
Sir Bernard Katz United Kingdom
1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. United States "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[70]
1972 Gerald M. Edelman United States "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[71]
Rodney R. Porter United Kingdom
1973 Karl von Frisch Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[72]
Nikolaas Tinbergen (left), Konrad Lorenz (right) Konrad Lorenz Austria
Nikolaas Tinbergen United Kingdom
1974 Albert Claude Belgium "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[73]
Christian de Duve Belgium
George E. Palade United States
1975 DavidBaltimore2008.JPG David Baltimore United States "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[74]
Renato Dulbecco United States
Howard Martin Temin United States
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg United States "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[75]
D. Carleton Gajdusek United States
1977 Roger Guillemin United States "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[76]
Schally portrait.jpg Andrew V. Schally United States
Rosalyn Yalow United States "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[76]
1978 Werner Arber 2008.jpg Werner Arber Switzerland "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[77]
Daniel Nathans United States
Hamilton Smith.jpg Hamilton O. Smith United States
1979 Allan M. Cormack United States "for the development of computer assisted tomography"[78]
Godfrey N. Hounsfield United Kingdom
1980 Baruj Benacerraf United States "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[79]
Jean Dausset France
George D. Snell United States
1981 Roger W. Sperry United States "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[80]
David H. Hubel United States "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[80]
Torsten N. Wiesel Sweden
1982 Sune K. Bergström Sweden "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[81]
Bengt I. Samuelsson Sweden
John R. Vane United Kingdom
1983 Barbara McClintock at C.S.H. 1947.jpg Barbara McClintock United States "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[82]
1984 Niels K. Jerne Denmark "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[83]
Georges J.F. Köhler Federal Republic of Germany
César Milstein Argentina
United Kingdom
1985 Mike Brown 2003.jpg Michael S. Brown United States "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[84]
Joe Goldstein.JPG Joseph L. Goldstein United States
1986 Stanley Cohen-Biochemist.jpg Stanley Cohen United States "for their discoveries of growth factors"[85]
Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy
United States
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[86]
1988 Sir James W. Black United Kingdom "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[87]
Gertrude B. Elion United States
George H. Hitchings United States
1989 J. Michael Bishop United States "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[88]
Harold E. Varmus United States
1990 Joseph E. Murray United States "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[89]
E. Donnall Thomas United States
1991 Erwin neher 2007 lindau.jpg Erwin Neher Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[90]
Bert Sakmann Federal Republic of Germany
1992 Edmond H. Fischer Switzerland
United States		 "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[91]
Edwin G. Krebs United States
1993 Richard J. Roberts United Kingdom "for their discoveries of split genes"[92]
Phillip A. Sharp United States
1994 Alfred G. Gilman United States "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[93]
Martin Rodbell United States
1995 Edward B. Lewis United States "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[94]
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4383.jpg Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Federal Republic of Germany
Eric F. Wieschaus.jpg Eric F. Wieschaus United States
1996 Peter C. Doherty Australia "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[95]
Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner United States "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[96]
1998 Robert F. Furchgott United States "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[97]
Louis J. Ignarro United States
Ferid Murad.jpg Ferid Murad United States
1999 Gunter Blobel 2008 1.JPG Günter Blobel United States "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[98]
2000 Arvid Carlsson Sweden "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[99]
Paul Greengard United States
Eric Richard Kandel.jpg Eric R. Kandel United States
2001 Leland H. Hartwell United States "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[100]
Tim hunt.jpg Tim Hunt United Kingdom
Plos nurse.jpg Sir Paul M. Nurse United Kingdom
2002 Sydney Brenner United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[101]
H. Robert Horvitz United States
Plos sulston.jpg John E. Sulston United Kingdom
2003 Paul Lauterbur United States "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[102]
Peter Mansfield Leipzig.jpg Sir Peter Mansfield United Kingdom
2004 Richard Axel United States "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[103]
LindaBuck cropped 1.jpg Linda B. Buck United States
2005 Barry J. Marshall Australia "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[104]
J. Robin Warren Australia
2006 Andrew Fire, Stanford University.jpg Andrew Z. Fire United States "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[105]
Craig C. Mello United States
2007 Mario Capecchi UTHSCSA.JPG Mario R. Capecchi United States "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[106]
Martin Evans Nobel Prize.jpg Sir Martin J. Evans United Kingdom
Oliver Smithies United States
2008 Harald zur Hausen-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-6.jpg Harald zur Hausen Germany "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"[107]
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-1.jpg Françoise Barré-Sinoussi France "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"[107]
LucMontagnier1995 065.jpg Luc Montagnier France
2009 Elizabeth Blackburn 2009-01.JPG Elizabeth H. Blackburn United States
Australia		 "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[108]
Carol Greider 2009-01.JPG Carol W. Greider United States
JSzostak.jpg Jack W. Szostak United States
United Kingdom

See also

Notes

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel Laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel Laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of physiology and medicine for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel Laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

References

General
Specific
  1. ↑ "Alfred Nobel–The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten-ringertz-rev/index.html. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Lindsten, Jan and Nils Ringertz (2001-06-26). "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–2000*". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  4. ↑ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/amount.html. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  6. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  7. ↑ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  8. ↑ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/women.html. Retrieved 2008-11-21. 
  9. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1901/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  10. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  11. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  12. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  13. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  14. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  15. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  16. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  17. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1909/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  18. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1910/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  19. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1911/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  20. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1912/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  21. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  22. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1914/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  23. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1919/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  24. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1920/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  26. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  27. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1924/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  28. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1926/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  29. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1927/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  30. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1928/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1929/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  32. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  33. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1931/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  34. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  35. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  36. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1934/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  37. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1935/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  38. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  39. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1937/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  40. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1938/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  41. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1939/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1943/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  43. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1944/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  44. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  45. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1946/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  47. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1948/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1949/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  49. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1950/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  50. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1951/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  51. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1952/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1953/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  53. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  54. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1955/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  55. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1957/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1958/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  58. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  59. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  60. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1961/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  61. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  62. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1963/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  63. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1964/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  64. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1966/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  66. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1967/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  67. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  68. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  69. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1970/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  70. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1971/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  71. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  72. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  73. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1974/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  74. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  75. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1977/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  77. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  78. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1979/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  79. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1980/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1981/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  81. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1982/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  82. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1983/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  83. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1984/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  84. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1985/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  85. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1986/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  86. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1987/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  87. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1988/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  88. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1989/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  89. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1990/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  90. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1991/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  91. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1992/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  92. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1993/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  93. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  94. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  95. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1996/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  96. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  97. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  98. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  99. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  100. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  101. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  102. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  103. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  104. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  105. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 
  106. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/index.html. Retrieved 2007-10-08. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/index.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
  108. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 

External links

Nobel Prizes
Prizes
Laureates
by subject
Physics · Chemistry · Physiology or Medicine · Literature · Peace
by criterion
Year · Country · University affiliation · Female · Chinese · Indian · Jewish · Japanese
Organizations

Nobel Foundation · Nobel Committees (Physics · Chemistry · Physiology or Medicine · Norwegian Nobel Committee) · Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet
Other topics

Controversies
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (Laureates · Prize Committee)